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- TaleThe Panchatantraपञ्चतन्त्रAnonymous · 300A collection of animal fables composed in Sanskrit to teach princes the art of governing, which travelled as far as La Fontaine.Literature
- PoetryAn Anthology of Buddhist Tantric Songsচর্যাপদAnonymous · 1000Mystical songs of a tantric Buddhist school of eastern India, written in a deliberately veiled language.Literature
- Poetryশূন্যপুরাণRamai Pandit · 1200not translated into EnglishThe writing of a popular cult of West Bengal, born from the meeting of a late Buddhism and the Hindu religion of the villages.Literature
- PoetrySinging the Glory of Lord Krishnaশ্রীকৃষ্ণকীর্তনBaru Chandidas · 1400The loves of Radha and Krishna, sung in Bengali with a coarseness that the devotion of later centuries will soften.Literature
- Epicকাশীদাসী মহাভারতKashiram Das · 1604not translated into EnglishThe Sanskrit epic that became a family book in Bengal, in a free and fervent version in Bengali verse.Literature
- NovelThe Spoilt Childআলালের ঘরের দুলালPeary Chand Mitra · 1857The society of Calcutta in the mid-nineteenth century, seen through a rich man's spoilt son, in the language of the street.Literature
- TheatreNil Darpan, or The Indigo Planting Mirrorনীল দর্পণDinabandhu Mitra · 1860A Bengal peasant family crushed by the indigo planters, written during the revolt of 1859.Literature
- ChronicleThe Observant Owlহুতোম প্যাঁচার নকশাKaliprasanna Singha · 1862Satirical sketches of Calcutta in the 1860s and its upstarts, in the very language of the streets.Literature
- NovelThe Chieftain's Daughterদুর্গেশনন্দিনীBankim Chandra Chattopadhyay · 1865Bengal in the time of Akbar, between Mughals and Pathans, where three love stories cross around a captive prince.Literature
- Poetryউদ্ভ্রান্ত প্রেমChandrashekhar Mukhopadhyay · 1875not translated into EnglishA song of mourning with no plot, written in a form mixing prose and verse, and regarded as its author's best book.Literature
- Poetryবৃত্রসংহারHemchandra Bandyopadhyay · 1875not translated into EnglishAn ancient myth reread, in colonial Bengal, as an epic of justice against oppression.Literature
- Poetryসারদামঙ্গলBiharilal Chakravarty · 1879not translated into EnglishAn inner song addressed to the muse, which brings into Bengali poetry the self of the poet in place of narrative.Literature
- NarrativePalamouপালামৌSanjib Chandra Chattopadhyay · 1880A city-bred Bengali in the forests of Palamau, among the Kols, under colonial rule.Literature
- Theatreচৈতন্যলীলাGirish Chandra Ghosh · 1884not translated into EnglishThe youth of a sixteenth-century Vaishnavite saint brought to a paying stage in Calcutta, where an actress plays Chaitanya.Literature
- NovelAn Unfinished SongকাহাকেSwarnakumari Devi · 1898A young girl of the reformed Bengali middle class, caught between a Western education and the traditional household, looks for someone to love.Literature
- NovelUmrao Jan Adaامراؤ جان اداMirza Hadi Ruswa · 1899The court and the pleasure houses of Lucknow in the mid-nineteenth century, seen by a lettered courtesan who tells the story of her life.Literature
- NovelSix Acres and a Thirdଛ ମାଣ ଆଠ ଗୁଣ୍ଠFakir Mohan Senapati · 1902A patch of good land coveted by a rapacious landowner, in colonial Orissa in the 1830s.Literature
- EssayRamtanu Lahiri, Brahman and Reformerরামতনু লাহিড়ী ও তৎকালীন বঙ্গসমাজShibnath Shastri · 1904The life of a schoolmaster becomes the history of a whole century of reforms in Bengal, told by one of his disciples.Literature
- PoetryGitanjaliগীতাঞ্জলিRabindranath Tagore · 1910Songs of offering to the divine, written in Bengal in the wake of a series of family bereavements.Literature
- Theatreচন্দ্রগুপ্তDwijendralal Ray · 1911not translated into EnglishAncient India facing Seleucus's Greeks, seen by a Bengali playwright under British rule.Literature
- CinemaRaja Harishchandraराजा हरिश्चंद्रDhundiraj Govind Phalke · 1913A legend that all of India knows, brought to the screen for the first time in a feature film shot on location.Cinema
- NovelParineeta: The BetrothedপরিণীতাSarat Chandra Chattopadhyay · 1914A poor orphan girl and the son of the rich neighbour, in a Calcutta of dowries, debts and religious conversions.Literature
- Novelরত্নদীপPrabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyay · 1915not translated into EnglishA usurper in the palace, in a novel of imposture that real life was soon to imitate in Bengal.Literature
- CinemaBilwamangalবিল্বমঙ্গলRustomji Dhotiwala · 1919The legend of a devotee of Krishna ruined by a courtesan, filmed in Calcutta in the silent era.Cinema
- PoetryThe Rebelবিদ্রোহীKazi Nazrul Islam · 1922An “I” that rises up against all oppression, written in a single night by a former soldier, in the time of non-cooperation.Literature
- PoetryRhymes Without Reasonআবোল তাবোলSukumar Ray · 1923Absurd nursery rhymes that have made up the childhood of Bengalis for a century, with satire showing through beneath them.Literature
- Short storiesDomoruchoritডমরু-চরিতTrailokyanath Mukhopadhyay · 1923A village braggart tells impossible adventures, each of which is a charge against colonial society.Literature
- Short storiesগড্ডলিকাRajshekhar Basu · 1924not translated into EnglishThe credulities of a great colonial city, devotion, medicine, marriage, seen by a humorist chemist.Literature
- CinemaThe Light of Asiaप्रेम संन्यासFranz Osten · 1925The life of the Buddha filmed in India by a German-Indian crew, based on an English poem.Cinema
- NovelPather Panchali: Song of the Little Roadপথের পাঁচালীBibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay · 1929A boy's childhood in a poor village in Bengal, at the beginning of the twentieth century, seen at the level of the seasons and of play.Literature
- CinemaChandidasচণ্ডীদাসDebaki Bose · 1932The legend of a Vaishnava poet and his washerwoman, brought to the nascent talking cinema of Bengal.Cinema
- CinemaBhakta Dhruvaಭಕ್ತ ಧ್ರುವParshwanath Yeshwant Altekar · 1934A rejected king's son who persists in his devotion to Vishnu, based on the Puranas.Cinema
- PoetryOrchestraঅর্কেস্ট্রাSudhindranath Datta · 1935Bengali love poetry wrested from mysticism and idyll, at the moment when modernism asserts itself in Calcutta.Literature
- CinemaDevdasদেবদাসP. C. Barua · 1935The love forbidden by rank between a landowner's son and his poor neighbour, in the Bengal of the notables.Cinema
- CinemaHunterwaliहंटरवालीHomi Wadia · 1935A princess turned avenger against a usurping minister, in the action cinema of Bombay.Cinema
- NovelUntouchableMulk Raj Anand · 1935A whole day in the life of an untouchable sweeper, from dawn to evening, in the colonial India of the thirties.Literature
- PoetryKamayaniकामायनीJaishankar Prasad · 1936The Vedic myth of the flood and of Manu, reread as an allegory of the human mind torn between heart and reason.Literature
- NovelPadma River Boatmanপদ্মা নদীর মাঝিManik Bandyopadhyay · 1936Poor fishermen of a river in eastern Bengal, caught between hunger, desire and the dream of a promised island.Literature
- CinemaAmar Jyotiअमर ज्योतिV. Shantaram · 1936A mother dispossessed of her child by a law made for men, who becomes queen of the pirates against the kingdom that dispossessed her.Cinema
- CinemaSaint Tukaramसंत तुकारामVishnupant Govind Damle and Sheikh Fattelal · 1936The life of the poet-saint Tukaram, between devotion, domestic poverty and the hostility of a jealous Brahmin.Cinema
- NovelThe Gift of a CowगोदानMunshi Premchand · 1936Peasant debt and the dream of owning a cow, in the colonial countryside under the rule of the great landowners.Literature
- Poetryকয়েকটি কবিতাSamar Sen · 1937not translated into EnglishThe debut of a twenty-year-old poet who broke with Tagorean lyricism to speak of the city and its disenchantments.Literature
- CinemaBalayoginiபாலயோகினிK. Subramanyam · 1937The fate of Brahmin widows and the barrier of caste, in a Tamil country where cinema mostly told legends.Cinema
- CinemaKisan Kanyaकिसान कन्याMoti B. Gidwani · 1937The poverty of landless peasants facing the landowner who squeezes them, in a rural drama in colour.Cinema
- TheatreSirajuddaulaসিরাজদ্দৌলাSachindranath Sengupta · 1938The last ruler of independent Bengal brought to the stage as a patriot, at the height of the national movement.Literature
- NovelKanthapuraRaja Rao · 1938A rural community in southern India won over by Gandhi's movement, told by an old woman in the manner of a local legend.Literature
- CinemaPukarपुकारSohrab Modi · 1939The legendary justice of the emperor Jahangir put to the test by his wife, in a historical fresco from 1939.Cinema
- CinemaWomanऔरतMehboob Khan · 1940An abandoned peasant woman raises her sons alone in the face of poverty and the village moneylender.Cinema
- CinemaThe Court Dancerরাজনর্তকীModhu Bose · 1941The love of a prince and a court dancer, against barriers of rank and religion, in ancient Manipur.Cinema
- CinemaKismetक़िस्मतGyan Mukherjee · 1943A big-hearted thief and a disabled actress, in the Bombay of the war and of the independence movement.Cinema
- CinemaRam Rajyaराम राज्यVijay Bhatt · 1943Rama's return to Ayodhya and the suspicion that falls on Sita, in the India of the struggle for independence.Cinema
- CinemaTansenतानसेनJayant Desai · 1943The legendary life of the musician at the court of Akbar, where song calms animals, makes trees blossom and heals.Cinema
- TheatreNabanna: Of Famine and Resilienceনবান্নBijon Bhattacharya · 1944The famine of 1943 brought to the stage by those who watched it kill people in the streets of Calcutta.Literature
- Short storiesMosquitoমশাPremendra Mitra · 1945A boarder in Calcutta tells of an improbable adventure, yet one exact in its details, on the eve of the war.Literature
- CinemaNeecha Nagarनीचा नगरChetan Anand · 1946A social fable about the upper city and the lower city, filmed by committed theatre people at the end of the war.Cinema
- CinemaRanakdeviરાણકદેવીV. M. Vyas · 1946A legend of Saurashtra, half historical and half popular, about a queen contested by two kings.Cinema
- CinemaShahjehanशाहजहाँA. R. Kardar · 1946A poet, a young girl and the emperor who will build the Taj Mahal, in a sung Mughal fresco.Cinema
- CinemaDharti Ke Lalधरती के लालKhwaja Ahmad Abbas · 1946The Bengal famine of 1943, seen through a family of sharecroppers driven from their land towards Calcutta.Cinema
- NovelThe Tale of Hansuli Turnহাঁসুলী বাঁকের উপকথাTarasankar Bandyopadhyay · 1947A community of untouchables in Bengal at the moment when war and the modern world enter its bend in the river.Literature
- CinemaNeel Kamalनील कमलKidar Nath Sharma · 1947Two princesses separated by a palace coup and an atheist sculptor, in a court melodrama.Cinema
- NovelThe Burmese Boxপদি পিসির বর্মি বাক্সLeela Majumdar · 1950A comic family treasure hunt, centred on a legendary great-aunt and a vanished Burmese box.Literature
- CinemaTwo Acres of Landदो बीघा ज़मीनBimal Roy · 1953An indebted peasant who goes off to pull a rickshaw in Calcutta to save his plot of land.Cinema
- CinemaShyamchi Aaiश्यामची आईP. K. Atre · 1953A poor childhood in the Konkan and the moral education received from a mother, under British rule.Cinema
- NovelNectar in a SieveKamala Markandaya · 1954The life of a peasant woman from southern India, told by herself, amid monsoon, famine and incipient industrialisation.Literature
- CinemaPather Panchaliপথের পাঁচালীSatyajit Ray · 1955A boy's childhood in a poor village in Bengal, among his mother, his sister and an old aunt.Cinema
- CinemaMayabazarమాయాబజార్K. V. Reddy · 1957A comic fantasy drawn from a Telugu tale grafted onto the Mahabharata, with special effects that made history.Cinema
- Novelকেরী সাহেবের মুন্সীPramathanath Bishi · 1958not translated into EnglishThe meeting of an English missionary and a Bengali scholar, at the origins of modern Bengali prose.Literature
- NovelThe GuideR. K. Narayan · 1958A novel that asks whether an imposture kept up for long enough can become true, in an imaginary small town in southern India.Literature
- CinemaBarsaat Ki Raatबरसात की रातP. L. Santoshi · 1960A poor poet and a notable's daughter, amid ghazals and qawwali contests, in a musical melodrama.Cinema
- CinemaMughal-e-Azamमुग़ल-ए-आज़मK. Asif · 1960The love of a Mughal prince for a young woman of low condition, and the quarrel that sets him against his father, the emperor.Cinema
- Poetryস্মৃতি সত্তা ভবিষ্যৎBishnu Dey · 1963The mature collection of a Marxist poet from Calcutta, who refused to sacrifice learned culture to political commitment.Literature
- NovelThe Last Flickerਮੜ੍ਹੀ ਦਾ ਦੀਵਾGurdial Singh · 1964The life of a Dalit day labourer in rural Punjab, caught between the land slipping from his grasp and an impossible love.Literature
- NovelSamskara: A Rite for a Dead Manಸಂಸ್ಕಾರU. R. Ananthamurthy · 1965A question of ritual that becomes a crisis of conscience, in a Brahmin community frozen in its rules.Literature
- CinemaPakeezahपाकीज़ाKamal Amrohi · 1972The fate of a courtesan of Lucknow, caught between the world of the dance houses and that of the noble families.Cinema
- CinemaScorching Windsगर्म हवाM. S. Sathyu · 1973A Muslim family that stayed in India after the Partition, in a country that was theirs and no longer recognises them.Cinema
- CinemaThe SeedlingअंकुरShyam Benegal · 1974A landowner, a Dalit servant and her husband in a village in Andhra, where caste and sex rule.Cinema
- CinemaThe Ritualಘಟಶ್ರಾದ್ಧGirish Kasaravalli · 1977A young widow faces Brahmin orthodoxy, seen from a child's height, in a village Vedic school.Cinema
- CinemaNagarikনাগরিকRitwik Ghatak · 1977The slow decline of a middle-class family in a large city in the years after independence.Cinema
- CinemaA Folk Taleભવની ભવાઈKetan Mehta · 1980Untouchability staged in the manner of village improvised theatre, as a satirical tale told in song.Cinema
- NovelClear Light of DayAnita Desai · 1980A novel of family memory, set in a house in Delhi during the summer of 1947. Almost nothing happens in the present: everything that matters has already taken place.Literature
- Cinema36 Chowringhee LaneAparna Sen · 1981The loneliness of an Anglo-Indian schoolteacher in post-Empire Calcutta, when a young couple comes to fill her flat.Cinema
- NovelKarmelinकार्मेलीनDamodar Mauzo · 1981A woman from Goa, orphaned and then unhappily married, who emigrates as a domestic worker for the sake of her daughter's future.Literature
- NovelMidnight's ChildrenSalman Rushdie · 1981A child is born at the very instant a country becomes independent, and the book holds that his life and that of the state govern each other. Thirty years of history pass through a single family.Literature
- CinemaRat-Trapഎലിപ്പത്തായംAdoor Gopalakrishnan · 1982The end of a feudal house in Kerala after the land reforms, seen through a man who refuses to change.Cinema
- CinemaThe MirageMaya MirigaNirad Mohapatra · 1984An extended lower-middle-class family of Odisha, gradually undone by the very education it has given itself.Cinema
- NovelThe Circle of ReasonAmitav Ghosh · 1986A picaresque first novel: a young weaver from Bengal, wrongly accused, flees across half the world.Literature
- NovelThe Golden GateVikram Seth · 1986A novel of nearly six hundred sonnets, in the stanza of Eugene Onegin, about young professionals in the San Francisco Bay Area.Literature
- CinemaThe CatastropheHalodhia Choraye Baodhan KhaiJahnu Barua · 1987The land of a small Assamese farmer, taken by someone more powerful than he is, and a struggle against paperwork and corruption.Cinema
- NovelJasmineBharati Mukherjee · 1989The transformation of a young Punjabi widow into an American, by an author who wanted to be an American writer.Literature
- CinemaThe Chosen OneIshanouAribam Syam Sharma · 1990A young mother called by a deity among the maibi priestesses, at the heart of the Meitei culture of Manipur.Cinema
- NovelThe Mistress of SpicesChitra Banerjee Divakaruni · 1997A spice-shop owner who heals with spices, torn between her rule and desire, in immigrant America.Literature
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